When it comes to computer programming, the graphical design representation for structured programming that flow graphs to nassi shneiderman provide is invaluable. Graduate students at Stony Brook University, Isaac Nassi and Ben Shneiderman created this type of diagram in 1972. As they display the structures of a program, these diagrams are also known as structograms. The topdown approach to problemsolving involves breaking the issue into manageable chunks until only basic statements and control flow structures remain. NassiShneiderman diagrams, which use nested boxes to represent subproblems, graphically represent this topdown decomposition. NassiShneiderman diagrams, which adhere to the principles of structured programming, do not include a symbol for the GOTO statement.